Corneal Ulcer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Explained

The eyes are among the most delicate and vital organs in the body. Even minor disturbances can significantly affect vision and quality of life. One serious eye condition that requires prompt attention is a corneal ulcer. Although the term may sound alarming, understanding what a corneal ulcer is, how it develops, and how it is managed can help reduce complications and protect long-term vision.

This article provides a clear, medically accurate overview of corneal ulcers using accessible language for general readers.

Overview: What Is a Corneal Ulcer?

A corneal ulcer is an open sore on the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. The cornea plays a crucial role in focusing light and enabling clear vision. When it becomes damaged or infected, an ulcer can form, leading to pain, inflammation, and potential vision loss if not treated promptly.

Corneal ulcers are most commonly caused by eye infections, but trauma and underlying eye conditions can also contribute.

Causes and Risk Factors

Corneal ulcers typically develop when the protective surface of the cornea is disrupted, allowing microorganisms to invade. Common causes and risk factors include:

Infectious Causes

• Bacterial infections (especially common in contact lens users)
• Viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus
• Fungal infections, often associated with eye trauma involving plant material
• Parasitic infections, such as Acanthamoeba

Non-Infectious Risk Factors

• Contact lens misuse (overnight wear, poor hygiene)
• Eye injuries or scratches
• Chronic dry eye disease
• Exposure to chemical irritants
• Autoimmune or inflammatory eye conditions
• Reduced blinking or eyelid abnormalities

Symptoms and Clinical Presentation

Symptoms of a corneal ulcer can range from mild to severe and often worsen quickly. Common signs include:

• Redness of the eye
• Eye pain or a sensation of something in the eye
• Increased tearing or discharge
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
• Blurred or decreased vision
• White or gray spot visible on the cornea
• Swelling of the eyelids

Because symptoms can escalate rapidly, early recognition is essential.

Diagnosis and Evaluation

Diagnosis of a corneal ulcer is typically performed by an eye care professional and may include:

• Detailed eye examination using a slit-lamp microscope
• Fluorescein staining to highlight corneal defects
• Corneal scraping or cultures to identify infectious organisms
• Assessment of contact lens use and recent eye trauma

Prompt and accurate diagnosis is critical for selecting effective treatment and preventing complications.

Treatment and Management Options

Treatment depends on the underlying cause, severity, and size of the ulcer. Management may include:

Medical Treatment

• Antibiotic eye drops for bacterial infections
• Antiviral medications for viral causes
• Antifungal agents for fungal ulcers
• Pain management, including lubricating drops or oral medication

Supportive Measures

• Discontinuing contact lens use during treatment
• Frequent follow-up visits to monitor healing
• Protective eye measures to reduce irritation

Advanced Interventions

In severe or non-healing cases:

• Therapeutic contact lenses
• Steroid use under specialist supervision
• Corneal transplantation in cases of scarring or perforation

Prevention and Lifestyle Considerations

Many corneal ulcers are preventable. Key preventive measures include:

• Practicing proper contact lens hygiene
• Avoiding sleeping in contact lenses unless prescribed
• Replacing lenses and storage cases as directed
• Wearing protective eyewear during high-risk activities
• Managing chronic eye conditions with professional guidance
• Seeking prompt care for eye injuries or infections

Conclusion: Key Takeaways

A corneal ulcer is a serious eye condition that can threaten vision if left untreated. Most cases are linked to infection or corneal injury, with contact lens misuse being a major risk factor. Early symptoms such as eye pain, redness, and blurred vision should not be ignored. With timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many corneal ulcers heal effectively, reducing the risk of long-term complications.

Medical Disclaimer

This article is intended for educational purposes only and does not substitute professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Readers experiencing eye symptoms or concerns should consult a qualified ophthalmologist or healthcare professional for evaluation and guidance.

Protecting eye health begins with awareness—early action can make a lasting difference.